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Mechanized planting of potatoes transforms' soil eggs' into 'golden beans'
variety selection
Potatoes are often propagated using tubers. Sexual preference for cold and high dryness. It has strong adaptability to soil, and loose and fertile sandy soil is preferred. However, it requires a cool, cold, and dry climate. Although it can also grow in humid and hot areas, its quality will deteriorate after one generation, and new species need to be introduced frequently from cold areas. Select early maturing or medium early maturing potato varieties with high yield, disease resistance, excellent quality, and good taste according to local climate characteristics. The fresh food varieties for export should have good potato shape and appearance, shallow sprout eyes, and smooth potato skin.
Land selection and preparation
Choose acidic soil with deep soil layers, fertile soil, good fertilizer retention performance, good water retention and drainage, irrigation conditions, and deep loosening foundation. For plots that have not planted potatoes in the past two years, cereal stubble is the best, followed by bean stubble. In vegetable fields, the best previous stubble is onions, garlic, celery, etc. Avoid using crops such as sugar beets, sunflowers, eggplants, peppers, cabbage, etc. that have common diseases with potatoes. It is strictly prohibited to use plots with excessively long residual herbicides applied in the previous crop. After receiving the previous crop, the land should be leveled in a timely manner, and continuous operations such as turning and raking should be carried out. Rotary tillage should be carried out to remove 15 centimeters of stubble, turning forward 15 to 20 centimeters, and deep loosening should be carried out 35 to 40 centimeters. After deep loosening, level and form ridges with a width of 80-90 centimeters at the bottom and a height of 25 centimeters.
Potato processing
• Difficulty seed germination:Select qualified virus-free seed potatoes of appropriate varieties. 15-20 days before sowing, leave the pit and place it under scattered light at a temperature of 13-15 ℃. Spread it evenly in 2-3 layers and flip it every 2-3 days to evenly expose the sweet potatoes and promote bud growth. When the buds grow to about 0.5-1 cm (0.5 cm for mechanical sowing and 1 cm for manual sowing), they can be cut into pieces. Avoid direct sunlight, rain, and frost during germination, and promptly eliminate diseased and rotten potatoes.
• Cut the sweet potato into pieces:Use 70% of the cutting bladealcohol3%LysolOr 0.5%potassium permanganateDisinfect the solution for 5-10 minutes and use multiple knives alternately. Cut into pieces 3-5 days before broadcasting. Vertical cutting can be made using the advantage of the top bud. If the seed potato is too large or elliptical in shape, it should be cut diagonally from the navel to the top, and finally the top should be cut vertically. Each cut should ensure 1-2 strong bud eyes, and a single potato should weigh 35-50 grams.
• Seed mixing:According to the seed potatoesthiophanate-methylThetalcMix the seeds in a ratio of 100:0.1:1 and place them in a well ventilated area for 1-2 days until the wound heals.
Sowing technology
• Broadcast date:When the temperature of the 10 centimeter soil layer stabilizes at 10 ℃ for 3 consecutive days, sowing can be carried out.
• Broadcast volume:Plant 120-150 kilograms per acre.
• Density:According to the variety and soil fertility status, plant reasonably and densely. Early maturing varieties should be planted densely; Late maturing varieties should be planted sparingly. Ridge formation on flat ground or merging after breaking the original ridge, with a ridge spacing of 80-90 centimeters, single row cultivation, plant spacing of 15-20 centimeters, and soil cover thickness of 10-15 centimeters. The number of seedlings per mu is 4000-5000.
Fertility and water management
• base fertilizer:According to the soil fertility, combined with spring plowing, apply 2000-4000 kg/mu of composted farmyard manure. Pig manure is the best, followed by cow manure. Apply 30-50 kilograms of fertilizer, including ureaDAPThe ratio of potassium sulfate is 3.4:1:3. Do not use potassium chloride. According to the situation of soil calcium and magnesium elements in various regions, scientifically increase the application of calcium and magnesium fertilizers for severely deficient plots.
• leaf fertilizer:existtuberDuring the formation and expansion stages, if there are symptoms of fertilizer loss, foliar spraying at a concentration of 0.5% can be usedureaAnd 0.3%potassium dihydrogen phosphate2-3 times, with an interval of 5-7 days. Trace elements can be added appropriately, and it is important to avoid spraying growth regulator chemicals such as swellings.
• Water usage principle:If encountering dry weather after sowing, timely watering should be carried out to ensure seedling emergence; Adequate water should be available during the sprouting and flowering stages; In the early stage of sweet potato formation, it is necessary to control water appropriately, watering less or not watering at all; The sweet potato period, when the tuber grows to 2-3 centimeters, should be irrigated in a timely manner according to the weather and soil moisture conditions; During the late stage of sweet potato production and before harvest, it is necessary to control water content, avoid watering, and prevent the occurrence of diseases and rotting of potatoes. Method: Sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation. Time: seedling stage, budding stage, flowering stage, sweet potato stage. In case of continuous high temperature and drought, watering can be carried out at different times. Control the soil moisture content between 60% and 80%. Pay attention to drainage.
Mid cultivation management
• principle:The principle of field management is "squatting first and then promoting", that is, before the buds appear, try not to water as much as possible to prevent overgrowth of the aboveground parts. After the buds appear, water and fertilize to promote the growth of the underground parts. It is advisable to keep the soil moist and the land dry or wet. Do not water for 10 days before harvest to prevent rotting potatoes in the field. If the plants show a trend of rapid growth, spray 50-100 grams of 15% paclobutrazol per acre during the bud period (late April to early May) to control it. Soaking before seedlings can increase soil temperature and eliminate weeds; Deep plowing and shallow soil cultivation should be carried out at the top of the young buds; After the seedlings are fully grown, timely shovel and raise the ground temperature; During the sprouting stage, perform the third round of plowing and high soil cultivation, which is beneficial for tuber expansion and multi-layer tuber formation. Potatoes are cultivated crops, and the tuber layer is mainly distributed in a soil layer of 10-15 centimeters, so a loose soil environment is required. The principle of "deep first, shallow second, and scraping third" should be mastered when weeding in the middle of cultivation.
• effect:Prevent potato chunks from turning green, control weeds, improve quality, and reduce soil temperature.
• Time:The first soil cultivation takes 10-15 days after the seedlings are fully grown. The second soil cultivation takes 20-25 days after the seedlings are fully grown. The third time of soil cultivation, the soil thickness is generally not less than 12 centimeters. When the soil cover is too thin and the ground temperature changes greatly, creeping stems will emerge from the ground.
Harvesting technology
Harvest when physiological maturity is reached, with early maturing varieties harvested in mid to late August and mid to late maturing varieties harvested in mid to late September. About a week before harvest, mechanically cut or chemically eliminate the potato seedlings in the field, and clean the stems and leaves out of the plot. The depth of excavation during harvesting should be reasonable to prevent potato dropping and skin damage. Handle with care during transportation and storage to prevent exposure to sunlight, rain, and freezing damage.
